Which term refers to factors that affect all members of a society when it comes to risk?

The term that refers to factors affecting all members of a society in relation to risk is fundamental risk. This type of risk encompasses events or situations that have the potential to impact an entire community or society, such as natural disasters, pandemics, or economic downturns. These risks are generally outside the control of individuals and affect everyone in a similar manner.

Fundamental risks are significant as they can lead to widespread consequences that necessitate collective responses, such as government intervention or community-based recovery efforts. For instance, a hurricane can cause extensive damage across a region, presenting fundamental risk to all residents regardless of individual circumstances.

In contrast, personal risk is related to individual situations and circumstances, local risk pertains to risks that are specific to a geographic area or community, and speculative risk involves situations where there is a chance of gain or loss, such as investment opportunities. These concepts highlight that fundamental risk is distinct in its societal impact, underlining why it is the correct choice in this context.